{"id":1150,"date":"2019-12-06T19:24:19","date_gmt":"2019-12-06T12:24:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/?p=1150"},"modified":"2025-04-18T15:21:23","modified_gmt":"2025-04-18T08:21:23","slug":"penjelasan-singkat-file-etc-shadow-di-linux-dan-unix","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/penjelasan-singkat-file-etc-shadow-di-linux-dan-unix\/","title":{"rendered":"Penjelasan Singkat File \/etc\/shadow di Linux dan Unix"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Ada beberapa skema otentikasi yang dapat digunakan pada sistem Linux. Skema standar yang paling umum digunakan dan adalah untuk melakukan otentikasi terhadap file <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/penjelasan-singkat-file-etc-passwd-di-linux-dan-unix\/\">\/etc\/passwd<\/a> dan <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code>.<\/p>\n<p><code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> adalah file teks yang berisi informasi tentang kata sandi pengguna sistem. File \/etc\/shadow\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/cara-mengubah-file-permissions-dengan-chmod-di-linux\/\">dimiliki<\/a> oleh root dan grup shadow, dan memiliki <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/tutorial-perintah-chown-di-terminal-linux-dan-penggunaan\/\">izin<\/a> 640.<code\/><span id=\"ezoic-pub-ad-placeholder-138\" class=\"ezoic-adpicker-ad\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Format \/etc\/shadow<\/h2>\n<p>File <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> berisi satu entri per baris, masing-masing mewakili akun pengguna. Anda dapat melihat konten file, dengan <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/cara-menggunakan-text-editor-nano-di-baris-perintah-linux\/\">teks editor<\/a> atau perintah lain seperti perintah\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/menggunakan-command-cat-pada-linux-terminal\/\"><code>cat<\/code><\/a>:<\/p>\n<pre>sudo cat \/etc\/shadow<\/pre>\n<p>Biasanya, baris pertama menggambarkan pengguna root, diikuti oleh sistem dan akun user normal. Entri baru ditambahkan di akhir file.<\/p>\n<p>Setiap baris file <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> berisi sembilan bidang yang dipisahkan koma:<\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">budi<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$6$<\/span>.n.:<span style=\"color: #00ff00;\">17736<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #00ffff;\">0<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #993366;\">99999<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #339966;\">7<\/span>:::&#13;\n[--] [----] [---] - [---] ----&#13;\n|      |      |   |   |   |||+-----------&gt; 9. Bidang ini diabaikan&#13;\n|      |      |   |   |   ||+------------&gt; 8. Tanggal habis tempo&#13;\n|      |      |   |   |   |+-------------&gt; 7. Periode tidak aktif&#13;\n|      |      |   |   |   +--------------&gt; 6. <span style=\"color: #339966;\">Periode peringatan<\/span>&#13;\n|      |      |   |   +------------------&gt; 5. <span style=\"color: #993366;\">Usia Password Maksimum<\/span>&#13;\n|      |      |   +----------------------&gt; 4. <span style=\"color: #00ffff;\">Usia Password Minimum<\/span>&#13;\n|      |      +--------------------------&gt; 3. <span style=\"color: #00ff00;\">Terakhir ganti password<\/span>&#13;\n|      +---------------------------------&gt; 2.<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"> Kata Sandi Terenkripsi<\/span>&#13;\n+----------------------------------------&gt; 1. <span style=\"color: #ff00ff;\">Username&#13;\n<\/span><\/pre>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Username<\/strong>. String yang Anda ketikkan saat masuk ke sistem. atau akun user yang ada di sistem.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Kata Sandi Terenkripsi<\/strong>. Kata sandi yang menggunakan format <code>$type$salt$hashed<\/code>. $type adalah metode algoritma hash kriptografi dan dapat memiliki nilai berikut:\n<ul>\n<li><code>$1$<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 MD5<\/li>\n<li><code>$2a$<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 Blowfish<\/li>\n<li><code>$2y$<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 Eksblowfish<\/li>\n<li><code>$5$<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 SHA-256<\/li>\n<li><code>$6$<\/code>\u00a0\u2013 SHA-512<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jika bidang kata sandi berisi tanda bintang (<code>*<\/code>) atau tanda seru (<code>!<\/code>), Pengguna tidak akan dapat masuk ke sistem menggunakan otentikasi kata sandi. Metode login lain seperti <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/cara-konfigurasi-login-ssh-tanpa-password\/\">otentikasi berbasis kunci<\/a> atau <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/pengertian-perintah-su-switch-user-di-sistem-linux\/\">beralih ke user lain<\/a> masih diizinkan.<\/p>\n<p>Dalam sistem Linux yang lebih lama, kata sandi yang dienkripsi pengguna disimpan di file <code>\/etc\/passwd<\/code>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ganti Password terakhir.<\/strong> Ini adalah tanggal ketika kata sandi terakhir diubah. Banyaknya hari dihitung sejak 1 Januari 1970.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Usia password minimum<\/strong>. Jumlah hari yang harus dilewati sebelum kata sandi pengguna dapat diubah. Biasanya diset ke nol, yang berarti tidak ada usia minimum untuk kata sandi.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Usia password maksimum<\/strong>. Jumlah hari setelah kata sandi user harus diubah. Secara default, nomor ini diatur ke 99999.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Periode peringatan<\/strong>. Jumlah hari sebelum kata sandi berakhir dimana pengguna diperingatkan bahwa kata sandi harus diubah.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Periode tidak aktif<\/strong>. Jumlah hari setelah kata sandi pengguna berakhir sebelum akun pengguna dinonaktifkan. Biasanya bidang ini kosong.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tanggal habis tempo<\/strong>. Tanggal ketika akun dinonaktifkan. Ini direpresentasikan sebagai tanggal dlam format epoch date.<\/li>\n<li>Tidak digunakan atau <strong>diabaikan<\/strong>. Ini dicadangkan untuk penggunaan di masa depan.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>File <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> tidak boleh diedit secara manual kecuali Anda tahu apa yang Anda lakukan. Selalu gunakan perintah yang dirancang untuk tujuan tersebut.<\/p>\n<p>Misalnya, untuk mengubah kata sandi user, gunakan perintah <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/cara-ganti-password-user-di-linux-dengan-perintah-passwd\/\"><code>passwd<\/code><\/a>, dan untuk mengubah informasi seberapa lama usia kata sandi, gunakan perintah <code>chage<\/code>.<\/p>\n<h2>Contoh Entri dan Format <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code><\/h2>\n<p>Mari kita lihat contoh berikut:<\/p>\n<pre>linuxid: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\">$6$zHvrHYa5Y690dseQ$z5zdL...<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #ff9900;\">18009<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">0<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #339966;\">120<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">7<\/span>:<span style=\"color: #993366;\">14<\/span>::<\/pre>\n<p>Entri di atas berisi informasi tentang kata sandi user \u201clinuxid\u201d:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Kata sandi dienkripsi dengan SHA-512 (kata sandi dipotong agar mudah di baca).<\/li>\n<li>Kata sandi terakhir diubah pada 23 April 2019 \u2013 <span style=\"color: #ff9900;\">18009<\/span>.<\/li>\n<li>Tidak ada usia kata sandi minimum (<span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">0<\/span>).<\/li>\n<li>Kata sandi harus diubah setidaknya setiap <span style=\"color: #339966;\">120<\/span> hari.<\/li>\n<li>Pengguna akan menerima pesan peringatan <span style=\"color: #3366ff;\">tujuh<\/span> hari sebelum tanggal kedaluwarsa kata sandi.<\/li>\n<li>Jika pengguna tidak mencoba login ke sistem <span style=\"color: #993366;\">14<\/span> hari setelah kata sandi berakhir, akun akan dinonaktifkan.<\/li>\n<li>Tidak ada tanggal kedaluwarsa akun.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kesimpulan<\/h2>\n<p>File <code>\/etc\/shadow<\/code> menyimpan informasi tentang kata sandi pengguna yang dienkripsi, serta informasi terkait kata sandi lainnya..<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ada beberapa skema otentikasi yang dapat digunakan pada sistem Linux. Skema standar yang paling umum&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1151,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[70],"tags":[71,72],"class_list":["post-1150","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-terminal","tag-file-system","tag-linux-terminal"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.7 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Penjelasan Singkat File \/etc\/shadow di Linux dan Unix - Linuxid<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxid.net\/post\/penjelasan-singkat-file-etc-shadow-di-linux-dan-unix\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"id_ID\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Penjelasan Singkat File \/etc\/shadow di Linux dan Unix - Linuxid\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ada beberapa skema otentikasi yang dapat digunakan pada sistem Linux. 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